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A Long and Illustrious History — explainers

Every name, date and concept from British History in the official handbook, written as a short, focused page with related practice questions.

All chapters · 202 Values & Principles · 25 What is the UK · 29 British History · 66 Modern Society · 45 Government & Law · 37
British History

Stone Age and Iron Age Britain

From the first hunter-gatherers and Stonehenge to the Celtic tribes the Romans encountered.

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British History

Roman Britain (43 AD – c.410 AD)

The Roman invasion under Claudius, Hadrian's Wall, and the legacy that lasted long after the legions left.

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British History

Anglo-Saxon Britain

The Angles, Saxons and Jutes who arrived after the Romans and gave England its name.

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British History

The Vikings in Britain

Raiders, traders and settlers from Scandinavia, the Danelaw, and the long struggle that ended in 1066.

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British History

The Norman Conquest of 1066

William the Conqueror, the Battle of Hastings, and the year that changed England forever.

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British History

The Middle Ages: An Overview

England from the Norman Conquest to the Tudors — a long period of feudalism, plague, war and Parliament.

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British History

Magna Carta in Its Historical Context

How a quarrel over taxes between King John and the barons produced the world's most famous charter.

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British History

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487)

A thirty-year civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York, settled at Bosworth Field.

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British History

Henry VII and the Tudor Dynasty

How Henry VII restored stable royal government after the civil wars and founded one of England's most famous dynasties.

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British History

Henry VIII and His Six Wives

A king famous for breaking with Rome — and for the divorces, beheadings and deaths of his queens.

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British History

The English Reformation

Henry VIII's break with Rome, the dissolution of the monasteries, and the birth of the Church of England.

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British History

Queen Elizabeth I

The "Virgin Queen", the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, and a golden age of theatre and exploration.

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British History

James I and the King James Bible

The first king of both England and Scotland, the gunpowder plot and the most-read book in English history.

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British History

Mary, Queen of Scots

A Catholic queen of Scotland, prisoner in England for nineteen years and executed in 1587.

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British History

The English Civil War (1642–1651)

King against Parliament, Cavaliers against Roundheads, and the trial and execution of Charles I.

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British History

Oliver Cromwell and the Republic

The country gentleman who became Lord Protector and ruled the Commonwealth of England.

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British History

The Restoration: Charles II

How the monarchy returned in 1660 — and the plague, fire and Royal Society that followed.

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British History

The Glorious Revolution of 1688

How James II was replaced by William and Mary in a (mostly) peaceful change of king and the Bill of Rights of 1689.

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British History

The Act of Union 1707

How the parliaments of England and Scotland combined to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.

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British History

The Jacobite Rebellions

Bonnie Prince Charlie, the battle of Culloden in 1746, and the end of clan Scotland.

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British History

The British Enlightenment

Adam Smith, David Hume and the Scottish thinkers who reshaped economics, science and philosophy.

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British History

The Industrial Revolution

Steam, iron, railways and factories — the transformation that began in Britain in the 1760s.

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British History

The Abolition of Slavery

William Wilberforce, the 1807 Slave Trade Act and the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act.

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British History

The Napoleonic Wars

Trafalgar, Waterloo and the long struggle that defined Britain in the nineteenth century.

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British History

Queen Victoria and the Victorian Age

A 63-year reign that defined an era of empire, industry, railways and reform.

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British History

The Great Exhibition of 1851

Prince Albert, the Crystal Palace, and the world's first international exhibition of industry.

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British History

The Great Reform Acts

How the right to vote was extended to most adult men through the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867 and 1884.

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British History

The Suffragettes and Votes for Women

Emmeline Pankhurst, the Women's Social and Political Union and the long struggle for the female vote.

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British History

Florence Nightingale

The "Lady with the Lamp", the Crimean War and the founding of modern nursing.

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British History

The British Empire in the Nineteenth Century

India, Africa, Australia and Canada — how the Empire grew to cover a quarter of the world.

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British History

The First World War (1914–1918)

The Western Front, the Somme, and the Armistice on 11 November 1918.

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British History

The Partition of Ireland (1921)

Why the island of Ireland was divided into the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland.

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British History

Britain Between the Wars

Mass unemployment, the General Strike of 1926 and the road to war.

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British History

The Second World War (1939–1945)

Britain stands alone in 1940, the Battle of Britain, D-Day and victory in Europe.

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British History

Winston Churchill

The wartime Prime Minister, his speeches, and a life that spanned the Boer War to the Cold War.

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British History

The Blitz

Eight months of German bombing of British cities — and how they kept calm and carried on.

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British History

The Creation of the NHS

How the post-war Labour government created a National Health Service free at the point of use in 1948.

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British History

Post-War Immigration to Britain

The Empire Windrush, South Asian migration and the rebuilding of Britain after 1945.

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British History

Queen Elizabeth II's Reign

A 70-year reign that saw the end of empire, the first moon landing, fifteen Prime Ministers and the Platinum Jubilee.

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British History

The Troubles and the Good Friday Agreement

Three decades of conflict in Northern Ireland and the 1998 peace agreement that largely ended them.

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British History

The Thatcher Years (1979–1990)

Britain's first female Prime Minister, the Falklands War, privatisation and the miners' strike.

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British History

Devolution to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland

The 1997 referendums and the new parliaments and assemblies that opened in 1999.

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British History

William Shakespeare

The Stratford-upon-Avon playwright whose plays still define English literature.

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British History

Sir Isaac Newton

The seventeenth-century mathematician who laid the foundations of modern physics.

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British History

James Watt and the Steam Engine

The Scottish engineer whose improved steam engine powered the Industrial Revolution.

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British History

The Kingdom of England Before 1707

A short overview of England as a separate kingdom from 927 to the Act of Union with Scotland.

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British History

The Kingdom of Scotland Before 1707

From Kenneth MacAlpin to the Stuart kings — Scotland as an independent kingdom for almost a thousand years.

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British History

The Principality of Wales

How Wales became a principality of England in 1284 and a partner in the modern UK.

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British History

The Great Fire of London (1666)

How a baker's shop in Pudding Lane destroyed most of the medieval City of London.

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British History

Tudor Explorers: Drake and Raleigh

Sir Francis Drake circumnavigates the globe and Sir Walter Raleigh founds an English colony in America.

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British History

Nineteenth-Century Cultural Figures

Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, Thomas Hardy and the Brontë sisters — Britain's great Victorian writers and thinkers.

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British History

Twentieth-Century Cultural Figures

Britten, Hockney, Henry Moore and the writers, artists and composers who defined modern British culture.

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British History

Historic Figures of British Sport

Sir Roger Bannister, Sir Bobby Charlton, Sir Steve Redgrave and the country's most celebrated athletes.

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British History

Britain Since the Year 2000

A short timeline from the Millennium Dome to the death of Queen Elizabeth II and the reign of Charles III.

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British History

William the Conqueror

The Duke of Normandy who became King of England — and changed it forever.

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British History

Edward III and the Hundred Years' War

Crécy, Poitiers and the long English campaign for the throne of France.

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British History

Wales and the Tudor Acts of Union

How the Tudor monarchs — themselves of Welsh descent — fully integrated Wales into the English state.

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British History

The Restoration Settlement

How Parliament rebuilt the monarchy on its own terms after the death of Cromwell.

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British History

The Glorious Revolution and Religion

How the Bill of Rights of 1689 ensured that no future monarch could be a Roman Catholic.

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British History

Georgian Britain (1714–1830)

Four kings called George, Robert Walpole as the first Prime Minister, and the rise of cabinet government.

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British History

The American War of Independence

How the thirteen American colonies broke away from British rule between 1775 and 1783.

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British History

A Short History of UK General Elections

From the Reform Acts to the rise of universal suffrage and the modern political parties.

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British History

Kings and Queens: A Quick Reference

A short list of the monarchs every Life in the UK candidate should be able to place.

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British History

Edward the Confessor

The pious Anglo-Saxon king whose death in 1066 set off the Norman Conquest.

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British History

The Irish Easter Rising of 1916

A short, doomed Dublin rebellion that helped change the course of Irish history.

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British History

From Empire to Commonwealth

How the British Empire dissolved peacefully into a voluntary association of independent states.

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